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Principles for Government

  • 1 Principles for Government

    док.
    эк. "Принципы правительства" (документ с изложением принципов этичного поведения для правительства, составленный "Круглым столом в Ко" и соответствующий пятой стадии kyosei)
    See:

    Англо-русский экономический словарь > Principles for Government

  • 2 kyosei

    сущ.
    фил., япон. киосей ("совместная деятельность на общее благо" — принцип, используемый в корпоративных кодексах или кодексах деловой этики; предложен японской корпорацией Canon и в формулировке ее президента Ryuzaburo Kaku предполагает пять стадий: первая стадия — компания работает на создание устойчивого потока прибыли, вторая стадия — менеджеры и работники компании учатся кооперативному поведению и признают значимость друг друга, третья стадия — осознание важности кооперативного поведения и значимости друг друга распространяется на клиентов, партнеров и конкурентов компании, четвертая стадия — выработанные принципы реализуются в деятельности на международном уровне, пятая стадия — компания убеждает национальное правительство действовать в области политики по этим принципам)
    See:

    Англо-русский экономический словарь > kyosei

  • 3 near cash

    !
    гос. фин. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.
    This paper provides background information on the framework for the planning and control of public expenditure in the UK which has been operated since the 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR). It sets out the different classifications of spending for budgeting purposes and why these distinctions have been adopted. It discusses how the public expenditure framework is designed to ensure both sound public finances and an outcome-focused approach to public expenditure.
    The UK's public spending framework is based on several key principles:
    "
    consistency with a long-term, prudent and transparent regime for managing the public finances as a whole;
    " "
    the judgement of success by policy outcomes rather than resource inputs;
    " "
    strong incentives for departments and their partners in service delivery to plan over several years and plan together where appropriate so as to deliver better public services with greater cost effectiveness; and
    "
    the proper costing and management of capital assets to provide the right incentives for public investment.
    The Government sets policy to meet two firm fiscal rules:
    "
    the Golden Rule states that over the economic cycle, the Government will borrow only to invest and not to fund current spending; and
    "
    the Sustainable Investment Rule states that net public debt as a proportion of GDP will be held over the economic cycle at a stable and prudent level. Other things being equal, net debt will be maintained below 40 per cent of GDP over the economic cycle.
    Achievement of the fiscal rules is assessed by reference to the national accounts, which are produced by the Office for National Statistics, acting as an independent agency. The Government sets its spending envelope to comply with these fiscal rules.
    Departmental Expenditure Limits ( DEL) and Annually Managed Expenditure (AME)
    "
    Departmental Expenditure Limit ( DEL) spending, which is planned and controlled on a three year basis in Spending Reviews; and
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    Annually Managed Expenditure ( AME), which is expenditure which cannot reasonably be subject to firm, multi-year limits in the same way as DEL. AME includes social security benefits, local authority self-financed expenditure, debt interest, and payments to EU institutions.
    More information about DEL and AME is set out below.
    In Spending Reviews, firm DEL plans are set for departments for three years. To ensure consistency with the Government's fiscal rules departments are set separate resource (current) and capital budgets. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.
    To encourage departments to plan over the medium term departments may carry forward unspent DEL provision from one year into the next and, subject to the normal tests for tautness and realism of plans, may be drawn down in future years. This end-year flexibility also removes any incentive for departments to use up their provision as the year end approaches with less regard to value for money. For the full benefits of this flexibility and of three year plans to feed through into improved public service delivery, end-year flexibility and three year budgets should be cascaded from departments to executive agencies and other budget holders.
    Three year budgets and end-year flexibility give those managing public services the stability to plan their operations on a sensible time scale. Further, the system means that departments cannot seek to bid up funds each year (before 1997, three year plans were set and reviewed in annual Public Expenditure Surveys). So the credibility of medium-term plans has been enhanced at both central and departmental level.
    Departments have certainty over the budgetary allocation over the medium term and these multi-year DEL plans are strictly enforced. Departments are expected to prioritise competing pressures and fund these within their overall annual limits, as set in Spending Reviews. So the DEL system provides a strong incentive to control costs and maximise value for money.
    There is a small centrally held DEL Reserve. Support from the Reserve is available only for genuinely unforeseeable contingencies which departments cannot be expected to manage within their DEL.
    AME typically consists of programmes which are large, volatile and demand-led, and which therefore cannot reasonably be subject to firm multi-year limits. The biggest single element is social security spending. Other items include tax credits, Local Authority Self Financed Expenditure, Scottish Executive spending financed by non-domestic rates, and spending financed from the proceeds of the National Lottery.
    AME is reviewed twice a year as part of the Budget and Pre-Budget Report process reflecting the close integration of the tax and benefit system, which was enhanced by the introduction of tax credits.
    AME is not subject to the same three year expenditure limits as DEL, but is still part of the overall envelope for public expenditure. Affordability is taken into account when policy decisions affecting AME are made. The Government has committed itself not to take policy measures which are likely to have the effect of increasing social security or other elements of AME without taking steps to ensure that the effects of those decisions can be accommodated prudently within the Government's fiscal rules.
    Given an overall envelope for public spending, forecasts of AME affect the level of resources available for DEL spending. Cautious estimates and the AME margin are built in to these AME forecasts and reduce the risk of overspending on AME.
    Together, DEL plus AME sum to Total Managed Expenditure (TME). TME is a measure drawn from national accounts. It represents the current and capital spending of the public sector. The public sector is made up of central government, local government and public corporations.
    Resource and Capital Budgets are set in terms of accruals information. Accruals information measures resources as they are consumed rather than when the cash is paid. So for example the Resource Budget includes a charge for depreciation, a measure of the consumption or wearing out of capital assets.
    "
    Non cash charges in budgets do not impact directly on the fiscal framework. That may be because the national accounts use a different way of measuring the same thing, for example in the case of the depreciation of departmental assets. Or it may be that the national accounts measure something different: for example, resource budgets include a cost of capital charge reflecting the opportunity cost of holding capital; the national accounts include debt interest.
    "
    Within the Resource Budget DEL, departments have separate controls on:
    "
    Near cash spending, the sub set of Resource Budgets which impacts directly on the Golden Rule; and
    "
    The amount of their Resource Budget DEL that departments may spend on running themselves (e.g. paying most civil servants’ salaries) is limited by Administration Budgets, which are set in Spending Reviews. Administration Budgets are used to ensure that as much money as practicable is available for front line services and programmes. These budgets also help to drive efficiency improvements in departments’ own activities. Administration Budgets exclude the costs of frontline services delivered directly by departments.
    The Budget preceding a Spending Review sets an overall envelope for public spending that is consistent with the fiscal rules for the period covered by the Spending Review. In the Spending Review, the Budget AME forecast for year one of the Spending Review period is updated, and AME forecasts are made for the later years of the Spending Review period.
    The 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review ( CSR), which was published in July 1998, was a comprehensive review of departmental aims and objectives alongside a zero-based analysis of each spending programme to determine the best way of delivering the Government's objectives. The 1998 CSR allocated substantial additional resources to the Government's key priorities, particularly education and health, for the three year period from 1999-2000 to 2001-02.
    Delivering better public services does not just depend on how much money the Government spends, but also on how well it spends it. Therefore the 1998 CSR introduced Public Service Agreements (PSAs). Each major government department was given its own PSA setting out clear targets for achievements in terms of public service improvements.
    The 1998 CSR also introduced the DEL/ AME framework for the control of public spending, and made other framework changes. Building on the investment and reforms delivered by the 1998 CSR, successive spending reviews in 2000, 2002 and 2004 have:
    "
    provided significant increase in resources for the Government’s priorities, in particular health and education, and cross-cutting themes such as raising productivity; extending opportunity; and building strong and secure communities;
    " "
    enabled the Government significantly to increase investment in public assets and address the legacy of under investment from past decades. Departmental Investment Strategies were introduced in SR2000. As a result there has been a steady increase in public sector net investment from less than ¾ of a per cent of GDP in 1997-98 to 2¼ per cent of GDP in 2005-06, providing better infrastructure across public services;
    " "
    introduced further refinements to the performance management framework. PSA targets have been reduced in number over successive spending reviews from around 300 to 110 to give greater focus to the Government’s highest priorities. The targets have become increasingly outcome-focused to deliver further improvements in key areas of public service delivery across Government. They have also been refined in line with the conclusions of the Devolving Decision Making Review to provide a framework which encourages greater devolution and local flexibility. Technical Notes were introduced in SR2000 explaining how performance against each PSA target will be measured; and
    "
    not only allocated near cash spending to departments, but also – since SR2002 - set Resource DEL plans for non cash spending.
    To identify what further investments and reforms are needed to equip the UK for the global challenges of the decade ahead, on 19 July 2005 the Chief Secretary to the Treasury announced that the Government intends to launch a second Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR) reporting in 2007.
    A decade on from the first CSR, the 2007 CSR will represent a long-term and fundamental review of government expenditure. It will cover departmental allocations for 2008-09, 2009-10 and 2010 11. Allocations for 2007-08 will be held to the agreed figures already announced by the 2004 Spending Review. To provide a rigorous analytical framework for these departmental allocations, the Government will be taking forward a programme of preparatory work over 2006 involving:
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    an assessment of what the sustained increases in spending and reforms to public service delivery have achieved since the first CSR. The assessment will inform the setting of new objectives for the decade ahead;
    " "
    an examination of the key long-term trends and challenges that will shape the next decade – including demographic and socio-economic change, globalisation, climate and environmental change, global insecurity and technological change – together with an assessment of how public services will need to respond;
    " "
    to release the resources needed to address these challenges, and to continue to secure maximum value for money from public spending over the CSR period, a set of zero-based reviews of departments’ baseline expenditure to assess its effectiveness in delivering the Government’s long-term objectives; together with
    "
    further development of the efficiency programme, building on the cross cutting areas identified in the Gershon Review, to embed and extend ongoing efficiency savings into departmental expenditure planning.
    The 2007 CSR also offers the opportunity to continue to refine the PSA framework so that it drives effective delivery and the attainment of ambitious national standards.
    Public Service Agreements (PSAs) were introduced in the 1998 CSR. They set out agreed targets detailing the outputs and outcomes departments are expected to deliver with the resources allocated to them. The new spending regime places a strong emphasis on outcome targets, for example in providing for better health and higher educational standards or service standards. The introduction in SR2004 of PSA ‘standards’ will ensure that high standards in priority areas are maintained.
    The Government monitors progress against PSA targets, and departments report in detail twice a year in their annual Departmental Reports (published in spring) and in their autumn performance reports. These reports provide Parliament and the public with regular updates on departments’ performance against their targets.
    Technical Notes explain how performance against each PSA target will be measured.
    To make the most of both new investment and existing assets, there needs to be a coherent long term strategy against which investment decisions are taken. Departmental Investment Strategies (DIS) set out each department's plans to deliver the scale and quality of capital stock needed to underpin its objectives. The DIS includes information about the department's existing capital stock and future plans for that stock, as well as plans for new investment. It also sets out the systems that the department has in place to ensure that it delivers its capital programmes effectively.
    This document was updated on 19 December 2005.
    Near-cash resource expenditure that has a related cash implication, even though the timing of the cash payment may be slightly different. For example, expenditure on gas or electricity supply is incurred as the fuel is used, though the cash payment might be made in arrears on aquarterly basis. Other examples of near-cash expenditure are: pay, rental.Net cash requirement the upper limit agreed by Parliament on the cash which a department may draw from theConsolidated Fund to finance the expenditure within the ambit of its Request forResources. It is equal to the agreed amount of net resources and net capital less non-cashitems and working capital.Non-cash cost costs where there is no cash transaction but which are included in a body’s accounts (or taken into account in charging for a service) to establish the true cost of all the resourcesused.Non-departmental a body which has a role in the processes of government, but is not a government public body, NDPBdepartment or part of one. NDPBs accordingly operate at arm’s length from governmentMinisters.Notional cost of a cost which is taken into account in setting fees and charges to improve comparability with insuranceprivate sector service providers.The charge takes account of the fact that public bodies donot generally pay an insurance premium to a commercial insurer.the independent body responsible for collecting and publishing official statistics about theUK’s society and economy. (At the time of going to print legislation was progressing tochange this body to the Statistics Board).Office of Government an office of the Treasury, with a status similar to that of an agency, which aims to maximise Commerce, OGCthe government’s purchasing power for routine items and combine professional expertiseto bear on capital projects.Office of the the government department responsible for discharging the Paymaster General’s statutoryPaymaster General,responsibilities to hold accounts and make payments for government departments and OPGother public bodies.Orange bookthe informal title for Management of Risks: Principles and Concepts, which is published by theTreasury for the guidance of public sector bodies.Office for NationalStatistics, ONS60Managing Public Money
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    GLOSSARYOverdraftan account with a negative balance.Parliament’s formal agreement to authorise an activity or expenditure.Prerogative powerspowers exercisable under the Royal Prerogative, ie powers which are unique to the Crown,as contrasted with common-law powers which may be available to the Crown on the samebasis as to natural persons.Primary legislationActs which have been passed by the Westminster Parliament and, where they haveappropriate powers, the Scottish Parliament and the Northern Ireland Assembly. Begin asBills until they have received Royal Assent.arrangements under which a public sector organisation contracts with a private sectorentity to construct a facility and provide associated services of a specified quality over asustained period. See annex 7.5.Proprietythe principle that patterns of resource consumption should respect Parliament’s intentions,conventions and control procedures, including any laid down by the PAC. See box 2.4.Public Accountssee Committee of Public Accounts.CommitteePublic corporationa trading body controlled by central government, local authority or other publiccorporation that has substantial day to day operating independence. See section 7.8.Public Dividend finance provided by government to public sector bodies as an equity stake; an alternative to Capital, PDCloan finance.Public Service sets out what the public can expect the government to deliver with its resources. EveryAgreement, PSAlarge government department has PSA(s) which specify deliverables as targets or aimsrelated to objectives.a structured arrangement between a public sector and a private sector organisation tosecure an outcome delivering good value for money for the public sector. It is classified tothe public or private sector according to which has more control.Rate of returnthe financial remuneration delivered by a particular project or enterprise, expressed as apercentage of the net assets employed.Regularitythe principle that resource consumption should accord with the relevant legislation, therelevant delegated authority and this document. See box 2.4.Request for the functional level into which departmental Estimates may be split. RfRs contain a number Resources, RfRof functions being carried out by the department in pursuit of one or more of thatdepartment’s objectives.Resource accountan accruals account produced in line with the Financial Reporting Manual (FReM).Resource accountingthe system under which budgets, Estimates and accounts are constructed in a similar wayto commercial audited accounts, so that both plans and records of expenditure allow in fullfor the goods and services which are to be, or have been, consumed – ie not just the cashexpended.Resource budgetthe means by which the government plans and controls the expenditure of resources tomeet its objectives.Restitutiona legal concept which allows money and property to be returned to its rightful owner. Ittypically operates where another person can be said to have been unjustly enriched byreceiving such monies.Return on capital the ratio of profit to capital employed of an accounting entity during an identified period.employed, ROCEVarious measures of profit and of capital employed may be used in calculating the ratio.Public Privatepartnership, PPPPrivate Finance Initiative, PFIParliamentaryauthority61Managing Public Money
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    GLOSSARYRoyal charterthe document setting out the powers and constitution of a corporation established underprerogative power of the monarch acting on Privy Council advice.Second readingthe second formal time that a House of Parliament may debate a bill, although in practicethe first substantive debate on its content. If successful, it is deemed to denoteParliamentary approval of the principle of the proposed legislation.Secondary legislationlaws, including orders and regulations, which are made using powers in primary legislation.Normally used to set out technical and administrative provision in greater detail thanprimary legislation, they are subject to a less intense level of scrutiny in Parliament.European legislation is,however,often implemented in secondary legislation using powers inthe European Communities Act 1972.Service-level agreement between parties, setting out in detail the level of service to be performed.agreementWhere agreements are between central government bodies, they are not legally a contractbut have a similar function.Shareholder Executive a body created to improve the government’s performance as a shareholder in businesses.Spending reviewsets out the key improvements in public services that the public can expect over a givenperiod. It includes a thorough review of departmental aims and objectives to find the bestway of delivering the government’s objectives, and sets out the spending plans for the givenperiod.State aidstate support for a domestic body or company which could distort EU competition and sois not usually allowed. See annex 4.9.Statement of Excessa formal statement detailing departments’ overspends prepared by the Comptroller andAuditor General as a result of undertaking annual audits.Statement on Internal an annual statement that Accounting Officers are required to make as part of the accounts Control, SICon a range of risk and control issues.Subheadindividual elements of departmental expenditure identifiable in Estimates as single cells, forexample cell A1 being administration costs within a particular line of departmental spending.Supplyresources voted by Parliament in response to Estimates, for expenditure by governmentdepartments.Supply Estimatesa statement of the resources the government needs in the coming financial year, and forwhat purpose(s), by which Parliamentary authority is sought for the planned level ofexpenditure and income.Target rate of returnthe rate of return required of a project or enterprise over a given period, usually at least a year.Third sectorprivate sector bodies which do not act commercially,including charities,social and voluntaryorganisations and other not-for-profit collectives. See annex 7.7.Total Managed a Treasury budgeting term which covers all current and capital spending carried out by the Expenditure,TMEpublic sector (ie not just by central departments).Trading fundan organisation (either within a government department or forming one) which is largely orwholly financed from commercial revenue generated by its activities. Its Estimate shows itsnet impact, allowing its income from receipts to be devoted entirely to its business.Treasury Minutea formal administrative document drawn up by the Treasury, which may serve a wide varietyof purposes including seeking Parliamentary approval for the use of receipts asappropriations in aid, a remission of some or all of the principal of voted loans, andresponding on behalf of the government to reports by the Public Accounts Committee(PAC).62Managing Public Money
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    GLOSSARY63Managing Public MoneyValue for moneythe process under which organisation’s procurement, projects and processes aresystematically evaluated and assessed to provide confidence about suitability, effectiveness,prudence,quality,value and avoidance of error and other waste,judged for the public sectoras a whole.Virementthe process through which funds are moved between subheads such that additionalexpenditure on one is met by savings on one or more others.Votethe process by which Parliament approves funds in response to supply Estimates.Voted expenditureprovision for expenditure that has been authorised by Parliament. Parliament ‘votes’authority for public expenditure through the Supply Estimates process. Most expenditureby central government departments is authorised in this way.Wider market activity activities undertaken by central government organisations outside their statutory duties,using spare capacity and aimed at generating a commercial profit. See annex 7.6.Windfallmonies received by a department which were not anticipated in the spending review.
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    Англо-русский экономический словарь > near cash

  • 4 Article 72

    1. The joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and the subjects of the Russian Federation includes:
    a) providing for the correspondence of the constitutions and laws of the Republics, the charters and other normative legal acts of the territories, regions, cities of federal importance, autonomous regions or autonomous areas to the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the federal laws;
    b) protection of the rights and freedoms of man and citizen; protection of the rights of national minorities; ensuring the rule of law, law and order, public security, border zone regime; c) issues of possession, use and disposal of land, subsoil, water and other natural resources; d) delimitation of state property; e) nature utilization, protection of the environment and ensuring ecological safety; specially protected natural territories, protection of historical and cultural monuments; f) general issues of upbringing, education, science, culture, physical culture and sports; g) coordination of issues of health care; protection of the family, maternity, paternity and childhood; social protection, including social security; h) carrying out measures against catastrophes, natural calamities, epidemics, elimination of their aftermath; i) establishment of common principles of taxation and dues in the Russian Federation; j) administrative, administrative procedure, labour, family, housing, land, water, and forest legislation; legislation on subsoil and environmental protection; k) personnel of the judicial and law enforcement agencies; the Bar, notaryship; l) protection of traditional living habitat and of traditional way of life of small ethnic communities; m) establishment of common principles of organization of the system of bodies of state authority and local self-government; n) coordination of international and foreign economic relations of the subjects of the Russian Federation, fulfillment of international treaties and agreements of the Russian Federation.
    2. Provisions of this Article shall be equally valid for the Republics, territories, regions, cities of federal importance, autonomous regions or autonomous areas.
    __________ <На русском языке см. [ref dict="The Constitution of Russia (Russian)"]Статья 72[/ref]> <На немецком языке см. [ref dict="The Constitution of Russia (German)"]Artikel 72[/ref]> <На французском языке см. [ref dict="The Constitution of Russia (French)"]Article 72[/ref]>

    The Constitution of Russia. English-Russian dictionary > Article 72

  • 5 American's Creed, The

    "Кредо американца"
    Текст, принятый палатой представителей [ House of Representatives] 3 апреля 1918 в качестве одного из символов веры американцев. Автором текста является У. Пэйдж [Page, William T.], сотрудник аппарата [Clerk, the] Палаты представителей: "Я верю, что власть в Соединенных Штатах Америки - это власть народа, из народа, для народа, правомочность которой основана на согласии управляемых; в демократическую республику; в суверенное государство, состоящее из многих суверенных штатов; в совершенный союз, единый и неделимый, основанный на тех принципах свободы, равенства, справедливости и человечности, за которые американские патриоты жертвовали своими жизнями и судьбами. Поэтому я считаю, что мой долг перед страной - любить ее, поддерживать ее Конституцию, соблюдать ее законы, уважать ее флаг и защищать ее от всех врагов" ["I believe in the United States of America as a government of the people, by the people, for the people whose just powers are derived from the consent of the governed; a democracy in a republic; a sovereign Nation of many sovereign States; a perfect union, one and inseparable; established upon those principles of freedom, equality, justice, and humanity for which American patriots sacrificed their lives and fortunes. I therefore believe it is my duty to my country to love it, to support its Constitution, to obey its laws, to respect its flag, and to defend it against all enemies."].

    English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > American's Creed, The

  • 6 accord

    1. I
    his conduct and principles do not accord его поведение не соответствует его принципам; his words and deeds do not accord у него слова расходятся с делом
    2. V
    accord smb. smth. offic. accord smb. permission давать /предоставлять/ кому-л. разрешение; accord smb. a request выполнить чью-л. просьбу; accord smb. a favour оказать кому-л. услугу; the government accorded the new ambassador full recognition правительство признало полномочия нового посла
    3. XI
    be accorded smth. offic. be accorded permission получить разрешение; he was accorded honours (a warm welcome) ему были оказаны почести (теплый прием)
    4. XVI
    accord with smth. accord with one's principles (with smb.'s wishes, with smb.'s opinion, with one's feelings, with reason, etc.) согласовываться /находиться в соответствии/ с чьими-л. принципами и т. д., соответствовать чьим-л. принципам и т. д.; his statement accords with the previous evidence его заявление не противоречит предыдущим показаниям
    5. XXVII1
    accord with what... accord with what has gone before (with what you said yesterday, with how you accounted for the accident, etc.) согласовываться /находиться в соответствии, совпадать/ с тем, что было /происходило/ прежде и т. д.

    English-Russian dictionary of verb phrases > accord

  • 7 stand

    1. n
    позиция; точка зрения
    - take a definite stand on smth.
    - take a strong stand on smth.
    2. v (, stood)
    1) придерживаться определённой точки зрения; занимать определённую позицию
    2) юр. оставаться в силе, действовать; сохранять силу
    3)
    - stand by smb.
    - stand by smth.
    a) стоять; отстаивать, поддерживать
    b) быть кандидатом в члены парламента и т.п.; юр. представлять кого-л.
    ••
    •

    English-russian dctionary of diplomacy > stand

  • 8 act

    1. n
    1) действие, поступок, акт, шаг
    2) акт, закон, постановление ( судебного органа), законодательство
    3) акт, документ
    •

    to block the passage of the act — мешать принятию акта / закона

    to carry out an act — совершать какое-л. действие / какой-л. акт

    to catch smb in the act of doing smth — поймать кого-л. в момент совершения чего-л.; брать кого-л. с поличным

    to challenge an act — не подчиняться закону; бросать вызов закону

    to commit an act — совершать какое-л. действие / какой-л. акт

    to hold smb under the Prevention of Terrorism Act — задерживать кого-л. в соответствии с Законом о предотвращении терроризма

    to hush up a criminal act — замять / скрыть преступный акт

    to invoke an act — воспользоваться законом / актом

    to pass an act — принимать акт / закон

    to perform an act — совершать какое-л. действие / какой-л. акт

    to prevent smb's act — пресекать чьи-л. действия

    to protest against smb's unilateral acts — протестовать / выступать против чьих-л. односторонних действий / шагов

    to rebuff smb's unfriendly acts — давать отпор чьим-л. недружественным действиям / шагам

    - Acquitted of God
    - Act of Parliament
    - act in law
    - act is before the Parliament
    - act of accession
    - act of aggression
    - act of amnesty
    - act of barbarism
    - act of betrayal
    - act of deception
    - act of defiance
    - act of despair
    - act of faith
    - act of flexibility
    - act of force
    - act of good faith
    - act of good will
    - act of grace
    - act of heroism
    - act of homage
    - act of hostage taking
    - act of hostility
    - act of humanity
    - act of insubordination
    - act of intimidation
    - act of law
    - act of lawlessness
    - act of mutiny
    - act of piracy
    - act of Providence
    - act of provocation
    - act of public nature
    - act of remembrance
    - act of reprisal
    - act of sabotage
    - act of state
    - act of terrorism
    - act of treachery
    - act of treason
    - act of violence
    - act of war
    - act of worship
    - act warranted by law
    - administration of justice act
    - Agents Identities Act
    - aggressive act
    - anti-labor act
    - anti-social act
    - Anti-Terrorism Act
    - arbitrary act
    - barbaric act
    - barbarous act
    - belligerent act
    - brave act
    - clear cut act
    - Companies Act
    - conciliatory act
    - constituent act
    - Corrupt Practices Act
    - courageous act
    - covert act
    - criminal acts
    - dangerous acts
    - despicable acts
    - discourteous acts
    - epoch making act
    - Equal Pay Act
    - equitable acts
    - ethical act
    - Ethics in Government Act
    - final act
    - foolish act
    - formal act
    - Freedom of Information Act
    - Government Official Secrets Act
    - Hatch Act
    - heroic act
    - historic act
    - hostile acts
    - House of Commons Disqualification Act
    - humane act
    - illegal act
    - immoral act
    - impartial acts
    - Industrial Relations Act
    - infamous acts
    - Internal Security Act
    - international act
    - international law act
    - irresponsible acts
    - justified acts
    - lawful acts
    - legal act
    - legislative act
    - legitimate acts
    - Lend-Lease Act
    - logical act
    - magnanimous act
    - noble act
    - penal act
    - perpetrator of a criminal act
    - Prevention of Terrorism Act
    - public act
    - Public Order Act
    - Race Relations Act
    - rash acts
    - Rent Act
    - senseless act
    - Separate Amenities Act
    - Sex Discrimination Act
    - Special Powers Act
    - statesmanlike act
    - statutory act
    - Street Offences Act
    - Suppression of Communism Act
    - terrorist act
    - thoughtful act
    - under the act
    - unfriendly act
    - unilateral act
    - unlawful act
    - US Atomic Energy Act
    - US Freedom of Information Act
    - vile act
    - violable act     2. v
    действовать, поступать, вести себя

    to act as a go-between / as an intermediary / as a mediator — действовать / выступать в качестве посредника

    to act at the behest of smb — действовать по чьему-л. научению

    to act for smb — выполнять чьи-л. функции; действовать от чьего-л. лица / имени

    to act illegally — поступать незаконно, совершать незаконные действия

    to act in the execution of one's duties — действовать в соответствии со своими обязанностями

    to act in the interests of smb — действовать / поступать в чьих-л. интересах

    to act on smb's behalf / on behalf of smb — выполнять чьи-л. функции; действовать от чьего-л. лица / имени; действовать по поручению кого-л.

    to act on the defensive — обороняться, защищаться

    to act unlawfully — поступать незаконно, совершать незаконные действия

    to act up to one's principles — действовать / поступать в соответствии со своими принципами / убеждениями

    to act with the approval of smb — действовать с чьего-л. одобрения

    Politics english-russian dictionary > act

  • 9 audit

    1. сущ.
    1) ауд., фин. аудит (проверка отчетности и учетных процедур организации на предмет их соответствия установленным правилам учета)
    See:
    2) общ. аудит, проверка (систематическое изучение и оценка чего-л.)
    Syn:
    See:
    2. гл.
    1) ауд. проводить аудит (проверять учет и отчетность на предмет соответствия фактическому состоянию и принципам бухгалтерского учета)
    2) упр. проводить проверку [экспертизу\] (изучать какую-л. область деятельности организации при участии соответствующих экспертов)

    In the first 4 years of business, her company was audited by three government departments. — За первые четыре года деятельности ее компания была проверена тремя государственными департаментами.

    See:
    3) обр., преим. амер и канад. (присутствовать на учебном курсе в качестве вольнослушателя, т. е. посещать занятия, но не получать учебных баллов)
    See:

    * * *
    аудит: проверка отчетности компании или любой другой организации (различных первичных и иных документов) квалифицированными бухгалтерами-ревизорами на предмет ее соответствия установленным правилам учета и фактическому финансовому состоянию; часто различают внутренний аудит (для менеджмента), внешний, или независимый, аудит (для акционеров), налоговый аудит (проводится налоговыми органами для проверки правильности уплаты налогов); см. external audit;
    internal (independent) audit;
    * * *
    аудит; аудиторская проверка; аудиторский контроль; ревизия (ведомственная или внутренняя)
    . . Словарь экономических терминов .
    * * *
    Банки/Банковские операции
    -----

    Англо-русский экономический словарь > audit

  • 10 moral hazard

    а) в страховом деле - риск недобросовестности, недобросовестного поведения застрахованного лица

    moral hazard - a risk to an insurance company resulting from uncertainty about the honesty of the insured (American Heritage Dictionary).

    б) в экономике - риске безответственного или, в зависимости от ситуации, недобросовестного финансового поведения (инвестора или должника); такое словоупотребление особенно характерно для крайних либералов-рыночников

    The U.S. government's regular practice of extending guarantees to certain countries experiencing financial difficulties […] sends a message to investors, both foreign and domestic, that they can invest with little fear of a total loss. […] That situation is analogous to the moral hazard created by federal deposit insurance. Depositors do not scrutinize banks' financial strengths and weaknesses because they bear no risk of a loss (из доклада Cato Institute).

    A number of industries are trying to take advantage of extraordinary times, to get aid that runs counter to market principles. It creates a dangerous precedent and underscores the old moral hazard problem.

    The proposals are designed to help resolve the 'moral hazard' problem created by IMF bailouts. Bailouts encourage reckless lending, their critics allege, because lenders are led to believe that if things go wrong the IMF will rescue them (Centre for Economic Policy Research).

    Wednesday night's bailout of Long-Term Capital Management, a high-flying hedge fund, has the smell of $3.5 billion worth of moral hazard (из передовой статьи в Wall Street Journal). — Принятое в среду вечером решение о предоставлении экстренной помощи в размере 3,5 миллиарда долларов небезызвестному хедж-фонду Long-Term Capital Management – это, судя по всему, не что иное, как приглашение к безответственности.

    The English annotation is below. (English-Russian) > moral hazard

  • 11 moral hazard

    •• * Первоначально термин moral hazard применялся в страховом деле. Так он отражен в словаре American Heritage Dictionary, который определяет moral hazard как a risk to an insurance company resulting from uncertainty about the honesty of the insured. Перевод напрашивается – риск недобросовестности ( недобросовестного поведения застрахованного лица). Но в последнее время этот термин употребляется гораздо шире – и его расширительное значение не вполне понятно даже подготовленным англоязычным читателям. Так, после обсуждения в одном из форумов в Интернете один из участников сделал вывод: It appears insurance companies use the phrase “ moral hazard” in a more specific way than professional economists do. Добавлю от себя, что такое словоупотребление особенно характерно для крайних либералов-рыночников. Пример из доклада Cato Institute – ведущего «мозгового центра» этого направления:

    •• The U.S. government’s regular practice of extending guarantees to certain countries experiencing financial difficulties <...> sends a message to investors, both foreign and domestic, that they can invest with little fear of a total loss. <...> That situation is analogous to the moral hazard created by federal deposit insurance. Depositors do not scrutinize banks’ financial strengths and weaknesses because they bear no risk of a loss.
    •• Должен заметить, что теоретиков, по-моему, явно «занесло». Я что-то плохо представляю себе, чтобы я и миллионы мне подобных стали изучать и сравнивать финансовые показатели, скажем, банков J.P. Morgan Chase и HSBC, прежде чем открывать там счет или сохранять уже имеющийся. Впрочем, принципиально в этой цитате другое – инвесторы (или вкладчики) в данном случае не обвиняются в недобросовестности (скорее – в некоторой беспечности, безответственности).
    •• Аналогичный пример – высказывание ведущего научного сотрудника Hudson Institute:
    •• A number of industries are trying to take advantage of extraordinary times, to get aid that runs counter to market principles. It creates a dangerous precedent and underscores the old moral hazard problem.
    •• Речь здесь идет о «разлагающем эффекте», опасности привыкания к государственной поддержке. Экономисты разрабатывают предложения, направленные на противодействие этой тенденции:
    •• The proposals are designed to help resolve the ‘moral hazard’ problem created by IMF bailouts. Bailouts encourage reckless lending, their critics allege, because lenders are led to believe that if things go wrong the IMF will rescue them. (Center for Economic Policy Research) (Bailout – экстренная финансовая помощь).
    •• Здесь интересно помещение термина в кавычки и его объяснение для непосвященных.
    •• Предлагаемый перевод – моральный риск – я считаю «условно адекватным», т.е. приемлемым с некоторыми оговорками. Поясню, что имеется в виду.
    •• Если термин не слишком известен и не вполне понятен даже там, где он возник, то он вполне условен, и столь же условен – то есть не вполне понятен – может быть и его перевод. Проблема – «просветительская» и в стране происхождения термина, и в стране перевода. Переводчик, скажем, когда он имеет дело с документами финансовых или страховых учреждений, может воспользоваться калькой моральный риск, в случае необходимости пояснив, что речь идет о риске безответственного или, в зависимости от ситуации, недобросовестного финансового поведения (страхуемого лица, инвестора или должника). В итоге такой «просветительской работы» термин постепенно станет понятен большинству читателей.
    •• Несколько иначе обстоит дело при переводе публицистики. Здесь совершенно необязательно придерживаться терминологичности, тем более сырой, несложившейся. Вот пример из передовой статьи в Wall Street Journal:
    •• Wednesday night’s bailout of Long-Term Capital Management, a high-flying hedge fund, has the smell of $3.5 billion worth of moral hazard.
    •• В переводе лучше обойтись без термина – взять быка за рога и заодно передать несколько высокомерно-назидательный тон статьи:
    •• Принятое в среду вечером решение о предоставлении экстренной помощи в размере 3,5 миллиарда долларов небезызвестному хедж-фонду Long-Term Capital Management – это, судя по всему, не что иное, как приглашение к безответственности.
    •• В перспективе термин моральный риск, видимо, войдет в общепринятый экономический лексикон и, возможно, не будет нуждаться в пояснениях. Так произошло, например, со словосочетанием политически корректный, укоренившимся именно в этом виде, хотя для перевода politically correct предлагались в свое время варианты и получше, например, общественно приемлемый (Г.В. Черновым в словаре Americana) и даже идеологически выдержанный (В. Ланчиковым в рецензии на этот словарь).

    English-Russian nonsystematic dictionary > moral hazard

  • 12 set up

    1. phr v помещать, ставить, класть
    2. phr v поднимать, ставить

    set out — помещать, ставить, выставлять

    3. phr v вывешивать
    4. phr v воздвигать, устанавливать, ставить

    set on edge — устанавливать на ребро; установленный на ребро

    set the limit — устанавливать предел; положить конец

    set in — наступать, устанавливаться, начинаться

    5. phr v возводить
    6. phr v основывать, учреждать
    7. phr v вводить, устанавливать
    8. phr v открывать
    9. phr v помочь устроиться

    the legacy set him up in his profession — благодаря доставшемуся наследству он смог работать по выдвигать, предлагать

    10. phr v излагать, формулировать
    11. phr v подготавливать; планировать
    12. phr v снабжать, обеспечивать
    13. phr v тренировать, физически развивать; закалять
    14. phr v вызывать, причинять

    to set at a gaze — удивлять, вызывать удивление

    set in vibration — вызывать колебания; вызванный колебания

    15. phr v полигр. набирать
    16. phr v набивать, делать
    17. phr v редк. восстанавливать, подстрекать
    18. phr v тех. собирать, монтировать; налаживать

    to set aright — исправлять; налаживать

    19. phr v платить за выпивку

    set idle power — выводить на режим малого газа; выведенный на режим малого газа

    20. phr v угощать
    21. phr v карт. объявлять
    Синонимический ряд:
    1. devise (verb) arrange; concoct; contrive; devise; digest; order; plan; prepare; ready
    2. elate (verb) commove; elate; excite; exhilarate; inspire; spirit up; stimulate
    3. elated (verb) commoved; elated; excited; exhilarated; inspired; spirited up; stimulated
    4. erect (verb) build up; construct; erect; hammer out; raise; rear
    5. erected (verb) built up; constructed; erected; hammered out; pitched; put up; raised; reared
    6. found (verb) constitute; create; establish; found; organize; start
    7. founded (verb) constituted; created; established; founded; organised; organized; started
    8. introduce (verb) inaugurate; initiate; institute; introduce; launch; originate; usher in
    9. introduced (verb) inaugurated; initiated; instituted; introduced; launched; originated; ushered in
    10. treat (verb) blow; stand; treat
    11. treated (verb) blew/blown; stood; treated

    English-Russian base dictionary > set up

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